How does the earned income tax credit affect poor families? nQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G! Diesel fuel used in processing, manufacturing, refining, generating electricity, irrigation or farming, or by any hospital may Bundle charges. Economic development in the Third World (12th ed.). Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. >> /Image87 74 0 R 5356 11 (2022). 7. Unlocking the full potential of city revenues. /Meta50 52 0 R What criticisms are levied against standard distributional analysis? /Type /Page endstream /F5 40 0 R Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. >> 4 0 obj /Meta41 36 0 R What is the unemployment insurance trust fund, and how is it financed? /Parent 2 0 R /Meta78 65 0 R >> What options would increase federal revenues? Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from TAX. Revenue sources and economic growth in Nigeria: An appraisal. /Length 5747 <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> How does the federal tax system affect low-income households? The study concludes that local government finance has a great impact on development as it is a major factor in getting adequate financial resources and has become a problem because of political inference in local government affairs. For existing land lease contracts, cities could maximize value through renegotiation or cancellation and retender based on tenant response. /Tabs /S /Resources << /Tabs /S /Group << Olaoye, C. O., Taiwo, O. endobj 7 Other strategies, such as payment plans, can also reduce leakage and increase collections. /Image8 18 0 R It is therefore suggested that the level of economic dependence on coal widely varies, and some, but not all, local governments will require financial assistance after the coal phase-out. 0000001743 00000 n /CS /DeviceRGB /F4 85 0 R /F5 40 0 R In addition, to help gauge the likelihood and tenor of social acceptance prior to forging ahead with implementation, cities could consider conducting a citizen sentiment survey to understand how receptive residents might be to specific changes in fee structures and charges. share. endobj All major sources of revenue have grown in real dollars since 1977, with charges seeing the largest increase in percentage terms ($132 billion in 1977 to $575billion in 2019, or a 337 percent increase) and transfers seeing the largest increase in total dollars ($263 billion in 1977 to $762 billion in 2019, or a 189 percent increase). How should distributional tables be interpreted? How do the estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes work? >> Tax is however, a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies for various legitimate functions of the state (Olaoye, 2008). From 2010 to 2016, for example, central government funding as the share of total municipal revenue fell by approximately 12 percent, on average, across all countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) /F4 23 0 R Keywords: Local Government, Federalism, Revenue Allocation and Fiscal Federalism 1. - 185.64.219.103. CrossRef This approach has the potential to not only fairly penalize offenders and reduce instances of speeding but also to generate more revenue. As an alternative to benchmarking, cities could also determine the cost of services and then establish a cost-plus pricing model to generate additional revenues. We show that increased revenues from shale gas and oil during this period are strongly associated with decreased local government relianceonnesandfeesasrevenuesources. >> For example, the federal government sends K-12 education funds to state governments that then distribute the money to local governments. /Image20 81 0 R Prior to the 2011 state income tax increase local governments received a 10.0% share of the income tax revenue. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, How the COVID-19 Pandemic is Transforming State Budgets, State Tax and Economic Review Are the Social Security trust funds real? /Annots [86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R] Would tax evasion and avoidance be a significant problem for a national retail sales tax? The State's own budgetary issues have put a major strain on local government budgets across Illinois. A third lever is optimizing collection and audit processes to increase collection rates and minimize leakage. >> For example, the federal government sends K-12 education funds to state governments that then distribute the money to local governments. 0000003670 00000 n /Im2 19 0 R /S /Transparency For cities and counties, property tax revenue makes up 61% of own-source tax revenuerevenue from taxes the local government leviesby far their largest tax source. 4 0 obj Local government and finance in Nigeria in state and local government in Nigeria: The changing scene. Small Business Effect: Potential meaningful. /GS31 30 0 R /Meta65 57 0 R % istorically, the development of direct taxation in local, government in Nigeria can be traced to the )ritish pre*colonial period under this, Recently the revenue that accrues to local government is derived from t#o broad. jzz^Q@I9AhTu>GpLs9KL~z]?'PI c&>/uJ9RaUm0XJ|dI3O\Yo^m\l*oGdhe)d=j 2.1.3 Sections 31 and 32 of the Local Government Financial and Accounting Regulations 2007 <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 9 0 obj /F7 42 0 R >> D$IOS|O+kJp> state and local government with a recommendation that conscious effort be made to allocate more revenues to states and local governments. /Tabs /S The Federal government appointed Consultants/ Monitoring agents on Value Added Tax (VAT) and Withholding Tax (WHT) in the Oil Industry. What would the tax rate be under a national retail sales tax? /GS7 17 0 R 971z But presently, the level of development in rural areas since when local government authorities have been created is not encouraging. Transfers fell from 1977 through most of the 1980s but increased slowly though the 1990s. >> These meetings serve as a way to monitor progress and enable proper implementation. State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments. State governments collected $2.2 trillion of general revenues in 2019. /CS /DeviceRGB /Image8 18 0 R These cameras are controversial, and enhanced efficiency is one reason why many municipalities haven't taken this approach. We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website. Performance meetings should be scheduled on a weekly basis to track revenue generation and build ownership. For example, cities could institute new charges for the disposal of food waste. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. /StructParents 8 % Regarding dissipation, figure 4 shows the time series power curtailment of an integrated generation plant without energy storage. Furthermore, the funding that municipalities receive from other government entities is decreasing. Indeed, each citys situation is inherently different and will require a unique combination of interventions and careful consideration to ensure the program is both economically and politically feasible. Who bears the burden of a national retail sales tax? /CS /DeviceRGB % (2016). /Resources << Fix the home. Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center. %PDF-1.4 /Type /Page How do state estate and inheritance taxes work? 7 #$ e-`w6w This source of revenue is mostly cyclical; it grew sharply during the 2001 and the 200709 recessions, receding in both cases as the economy recovered (figure 4). >> <> Please try again later. What does the IRS do and how can it be improved? /Image8 18 0 R To mobili"e and utili"e both human and material resources by engaging the. Problems of revenue generation in local government administration in Nigeria. >> /ExtGState << What are municipal bonds and how are they used? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What is the breakdown of revenues among federal, state, and local governments? What other countries use return-free filing? Edogbanya, A., & Sule, J. G. (2013). Hence the various sources of local government finance have become very crucial in order to foster development at all levels of governance. ^xQDe^w 83:Ou-5Eb73>#J!D/J& eXd3 Ik|9nV/G>6y5c?N%+ U/wT7|ZIa,G~-mrPwld?o *SQ{uT?XI2LhwtbM[Gp`K%g$WF^ iO_D&:P1-?F_7#)96b_:Gz@otQ]5$F}f0d;N 3. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 8 How do state and local corporate income taxes work? 13 0 obj HyTSwoc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w '0 Jb startxref >> >> What are health reimbursement arrangements and how do they work? In 2019, 4 percent of local government general revenue came directly from the federal government (e.g., federal funds for local transportation projects) and 31 percent came from state governments (the numbers do not sum to the total share from intergovernmental transfers because of rounding). The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 created a sharp uptick in transfers from the federal government between 2009 and 2011, peaking at 25 percent of state and local revenues in 2010 and 2011, before falling back to 22 percent in 2012. The Nigerian political system is of a federal one which implies that all the three tiers of government should each function to provide good, What would be the effect of a national retail sales tax on economic growth? endobj In 2019, 31 percent of state general revenue came from the federal government (e.g., the federal share of Medicaid spending and federal transportation money allocated for state projects) and 1 percent came from local governments. /Meta62 60 0 R /Meta82 68 0 R The contribution of property taxes to general revenue declined from 34 percent in 1977 to 30 percent in 1979, fell to a low of 27 percent in 2000, then returned to 30 percent in recent years. VIP services can also be offered where increased fee levels guarantee higher quality. How does the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance work? /F6 41 0 R This charge generates more than $100 million in revenue each year. /GS31 30 0 R 3 0 obj How does the federal budget process work? /Type /Page The revenue generation is not exceptional to :muahia North, Do not sell or share my personal information. That amount includes intergovernmental transfers from the federal government but not transfers between state and local governments (which is why the combined total is less than the sum of the separate state and local totals listed below). How does the deduction for state and local taxes work? =s`Eu00Fu@dH*e&PtD\ \ v B#L2]\m /Contents 64 0 R Norton Francis and Frank Sammartino (2015). /Meta77 66 0 R 3. /StructParents 3 How do state and local property taxes work? The research instruments used for data collection were questionnaire and interview. 7 At the same time, most states place restrictions on local property taxation, with limits that fall into three main types: rate limits, assessment limits, and levy limits. (2011). 14 0 obj A limited number of charges and taxes ensures higher social acceptance and minimal collection leakage. >> /Group << 2018. Meanwhile, housing-program transfers are about 40 percent of federal transfers to local governments. /F2 21 0 R >> This preparatory work generally consists of collecting the relevant data and developing the current revenue baseline. Government and to the State Governments. /XObject << 10. Learning theories: Their influence on teaching methods. /CS /DeviceRGB /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] It should also prepare reports on the performance of various initiatives and their respective owners or entities and update revenues studies based on changing market conditions. r_ w=[,()l9"] JETfKIXpEq)h5-B(3+r;&uJ_=~_9=0 /F2 83 0 R What is the difference between zero rating and exempting a good in the VAT? Once cities have identified their field of options, they must consider several questions before jumping into implementation: Which streams and interventions can generate the most revenues with a limited impact on stakeholders? (All sources of local government general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.). 0000001471 00000 n Service fees. Developing countries revenue growth is hampered by a . "F$H:R!zFQd?r9\A&GrQhE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VKYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()WT6U@P+!~mDe!hh/']B/?a0nhF!X8kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#dV(kel }}Cq9 Elected officials have four primary revenue sources, each containing multiple levers. >> What types of nonemployer-sponsored retirement savings accounts are available? wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 /Count 10 However, the composition of tax revenue has changed somewhat. /Meta54 51 0 R /S /Transparency /F3 84 0 R City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering standard fee list. What is the schedule for the federal budget process? In our experience, cities that fare the best in their revenue generation efforts create an internal dedicated unit that is responsible for the strategys implementation. xref New York, Scribner Press in Institute of Management and Leadership Professional Nigeria (2012). >> Principles of leadership. /Image8 18 0 R /Image8 18 0 R The share coming from property taxes fell from 22 percent of general revenue in 1977 to 17 percent in 1985, but since then property taxes as a share of general revenue have been relatively stable. 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